Cytotype distribution and chloroplast phylogeography of the Actinidia chinensis complex

Abstract Background Plant phylogeographic studies of species in subtropical China have mainly focused on rare and endangered species, whereas few been conducted taxa with relatively wide distribution, especially polyploid species. We investigated the cytotype haplotype distribution pattern Actinidia chinensis complex, a widespread geographically woody liana variable ploidy comprising two varieties, three chloroplast fragments DNA ( ndh F- rpl 132, rps 16- trn Q E- T). Macroevolutionary, microevolutionary niche modeling tools were also combined to disentangle origin demographic history or cytotypes. Results The levels 3338 individuals from 128 populations sampled throughout range estimated flow cytometry. cytotypes diploids followed by tetraploids hexaploids, triploids octoploids occurred populations. Thirty-one haplotypes detected. genetic diversity structure found be high between varieties (or races) deliciosa . Our results revealed that these inhabit significantly different climatic spaces. Ecological models (ENMs) indicate all varieties’ ranges contracted during Last Inter Glacial (LIG), expanded eastward northward Maximum (LGM). Conclusions Pliocene Plio-Pleistocene fluctuations vicariance appear played key roles shaping current population historical demography A. complex. polyploidization process appears an important role complex through improving their adaptability environmental changes.